🦀 Axum 真 IP + TLS1.3 + HSTS:三行代码锁死 HTTPS,代理白名单秒配
Rust Axum 框架中可信代理 IP 处理 + TLS + HSTS 头部支持最佳实践
引言背景
在生产环境中,启用 HTTPS 后,必须通过 HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) 头部强制浏览器始终使用 HTTPS 访问你的站点,防止 SSL 剥离攻击(SSL Stripping)和中间人攻击。
HSTS 头部格式:
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload
max-age:秒数,推荐至少 31536000(1 年),生产建议 2 年(63072000)includeSubDomains:可选,适用于所有子域名preload:可选,允许提交到浏览器预加载列表(https://hstspreload.org)
本节在前文完整实现(多级代理、Forwarded 支持、rustls TLS)基础上,添加工业级 HSTS 中间件,确保所有响应自动携带正确的 HSTS 头部。
最佳实践要点
- 只在 HTTPS 连接下发送 HSTS(我们使用 rustls TLS 终止,已保证)
- 使用 Tower 中间件方式添加头部,高可读、可复用
- 支持配置 max-age、includeSubDomains、preload
- 与 TraceLayer、代理中间件完美层叠
- 不影响性能(仅添加一个静态头部)
完整实例代码(含 HSTS 支持)
Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "axum-trusted-proxies-tls-hsts"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
[dependencies]
axum = "0.8"
axum_server = "0.7"
tokio = { version = "1.48.0", features = ["full"] }
tower = "0.5"
tower-http = { version = "0.6.8", features = ["trace"] }
rustls = "0.23.35"
rustls-pemfile = "2.2.0"
ipnet = "2.10.1"
tracing = "0.1.40"
tracing-subscriber = "0.3.18"
注意:新增
tower = "0.5"用于自定义 AddExtensionLayer(可选,下面提供纯 middleware 实现更简洁)
src/main.rs
use axum::{
extract::{ConnectInfo, Extension},
http::{HeaderMap, HeaderValue},
middleware::{self, Next},
response::{IntoResponse, Response},
routing::get,
Router,
};
use axum_server::tls_rustls::RustlsConfig;
use ipnet::IpNet;
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr};
use std::path::Path;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::net::TcpListener;
use tower_http::trace::TraceLayer;
use tracing::{error, info, warn};
// 自定义扩展:真实客户端 IP
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct ClientIp(pub IpAddr);
// 可信代理配置
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct TrustedProxies {
proxies: HashSet<IpNet>,
max_hops: Option<usize>,
}
impl TrustedProxies {
pub fn new(proxies: Vec<String>, max_hops: Option<usize>) -> Self {
let mut set = HashSet::new();
for proxy in proxies {
if let Ok(net) = IpNet::from_str(&proxy) {
set.insert(net);
} else {
error!("Invalid proxy CIDR: {}", proxy);
}
}
Self { proxies: set, max_hops }
}
pub fn is_trusted(&self, ip: IpAddr) -> bool {
self.proxies.iter().any(|net| net.contains(&ip))
}
}
// HSTS 配置结构体(高可配置性)
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct HstsConfig {
pub max_age: u64,
pub include_subdomains: bool,
pub preload: bool,
}
impl Default for HstsConfig {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
max_age: 63072000, // 2 年(强烈推荐)
include_subdomains: true, // 生产建议启用
preload: false, // 仅在确认符合 preload 要求后启用
}
}
}
// HSTS 中间件:为所有响应添加 Strict-Transport-Security 头部
async fn hsts_middleware(mut response: Response, next: Next) -> Response {
let hsts_config = Extension::<Arc<HstsConfig>>::extract(&response)
.await
.ok()
.map(|ext| ext.0);
let mut res = next.run(response).await;
if let Some(config) = hsts_config {
let mut value = format!("max-age={}", config.max_age);
if config.include_subdomains {
value.push_str("; includeSubDomains");
}
if config.preload {
value.push_str("; preload");
}
if let Ok(header_value) = HeaderValue::from_static(Box::leak(value.into_boxed_str())) {
res.headers_mut().insert("strict-transport-security", header_value);
}
}
res
}
// Forwarded 解析函数(同前)
fn parse_forwarded_for_ips(value: &str) -> Vec<IpAddr> {
let mut ips = Vec::new();
for pair in value.split(';') {
let pair = pair.trim();
if pair.to_lowercase().starts_with("for=") {
let mut for_val = pair[4..].trim().to_string();
if (for_val.starts_with('"') && for_val.ends_with('"'))
|| (for_val.starts_with('[') && for_val.ends_with(']'))
{
for_val = for_val[1..for_val.len() - 1].to_string();
}
if matches!(for_val.as_str(), "_hidden" | "unknown" | "") {
continue;
}
if let Ok(ip) = IpAddr::from_str(&for_val) {
ips.push(ip);
}
}
}
ips
}
// 提取真实客户端 IP
fn extract_client_ip_from_headers(
headers: &HeaderMap,
trusted_proxies: &TrustedProxies,
) -> Option<IpAddr> {
// 1. Forwarded
let mut all_for_ips: Vec<IpAddr> = headers
.get_all("forwarded")
.iter()
.filter_map(|v| v.to_str().ok())
.flat_map(parse_forwarded_for_ips)
.collect();
if !all_for_ips.is_empty() {
for ip in all_for_ips.iter().rev() {
if !trusted_proxies.is_trusted(*ip) {
info!("Client IP from Forwarded: {}", ip);
return Some(*ip);
}
}
}
// 2. X-Forwarded-For
if let Some(xff) = headers.get("x-forwarded-for") {
if let Ok(xff_str) = xff.to_str() {
let ips: Vec<IpAddr> = xff_str
.split(',')
.map(str::trim)
.filter_map(|s| IpAddr::from_str(s).ok())
.collect();
for ip in ips.iter().rev() {
if !trusted_proxies.is_trusted(*ip) {
info!("Client IP from X-Forwarded-For: {}", ip);
return Some(*ip);
}
}
}
}
// 3. X-Real-IP
if let Some(real_ip) = headers.get("x-real-ip") {
if let Ok(ip_str) = real_ip.to_str() {
if let Ok(ip) = IpAddr::from_str(ip_str.trim()) {
return Some(ip);
}
}
}
None
}
// 可信代理中间件
async fn trusted_proxy_middleware(
Extension(trusted_proxies): Extension<Arc<TrustedProxies>>,
ConnectInfo(socket_addr): ConnectInfo<SocketAddr>,
headers: HeaderMap,
mut req: Request,
next: Next,
) -> impl IntoResponse {
let socket_ip = socket_addr.ip();
info!("Connection from: {}", socket_ip);
let client_ip = if trusted_proxies.is_trusted(socket_ip) {
extract_client_ip_from_headers(&headers, trusted_proxies.as_ref())
.unwrap_or(socket_ip)
} else {
socket_ip
};
info!("Real client IP: {}", client_ip);
req.extensions_mut().insert(ClientIp(client_ip));
next.run(req).await
}
// Handler
async fn root(Extension(client_ip): Extension<ClientIp>) -> impl IntoResponse {
format!(
"Secure connection established!\n\
Your real IP: {}\n\
HSTS enabled (check response headers)",
client_ip.0
)
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
// 可信代理配置
let trusted_proxies = Arc::new(TrustedProxies::new(
vec![
"127.0.0.1/32".to_string(),
"10.0.0.0/8".to_string(),
"172.16.0.0/12".to_string(),
"192.168.0.0/16".to_string(),
],
Some(10),
));
// HSTS 配置(生产推荐)
let hsts_config = Arc::new(HstsConfig {
max_age: 63072000, // 2 年
include_subdomains: true,
preload: false, // 仅在 https://hstspreload.org 提交后启用
});
// TLS 配置
let tls_config = RustlsConfig::from_pem_file(
"certs/fullchain.pem",
"certs/privkey.pem",
)
.await?;
// Router
let app = Router::new()
.route("/", get(root))
.route("/health", get(|| async { "OK" }))
.layer(middleware::from_fn_with_state(
trusted_proxies.clone(),
trusted_proxy_middleware,
))
.layer(middleware::from_fn_with_state(
hsts_config.clone(),
hsts_middleware,
))
.layer(TraceLayer::new_for_http());
let addr = SocketAddr::from(([0, 0, 0, 0], 443));
info!("Starting HTTPS server with HSTS on https://{}", addr);
axum_server::bind_rustls(addr, tls_config)
.serve(app.into_make_service_with_connect_info::<SocketAddr>())
.await?;
Ok(())
}
验证 HSTS 是否生效(curl)
curl -I https://your-domain.com
预期输出包含:
strict-transport-security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains
浏览器中访问后,检查 DevTools → Network → Headers。
生产建议
| 项目 | 推荐值 |
|---|---|
| max-age | 63072000(2 年) |
| includeSubDomains | true(如果所有子域都支持 HTTPS) |
| preload | 仅在满足 https://hstspreload.org 要求后启用 |
| 证书 | Let’s Encrypt 或付费 CA |
| 前端代理 | 可选 Nginx/Traefik 做反向代理(记得 proxy_ssl_*) |
参考资料
- MDN Strict-Transport-Security:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security
- HSTS Preload List:https://hstspreload.org
- OWASP HSTS Cheat Sheet:https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security_Cheat_Sheet.html
- axum_server TLS 示例:https://docs.rs/axum-server
- Rustls 文档:https://docs.rs/rustls/0.23.35/rustls/
至此,你已拥有一个完整生产级 Axum 服务:
- 真实客户端 IP 提取(支持 Forwarded + 多级代理)
- rustls TLS 加密
- HSTS 安全头部强制
- 高可读、可维护、可配置的工业级代码结构
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